杨秀和,字晓阳,号畅春斋主,当代著名书法家、画家、文化学者。杨秀和先生同时还是中国书画院院士、中国国艺人民书画院院士、北京市楹联学会书画院理事、中国民俗摄影家协会理事、北京海图书画苑首席艺术顾问。还被授予“当代实力派书画家”、“德艺双馨书画家”、“传统书画传承人”等众多荣誉称号。杨秀和先生1955年生于北京,2021年被录入《中国名人辞典》。
杨秀和先生的书法作品四字联“千祥云集,百福骈臻”在2014年4月12日举办的“北京瀚海第84期拍卖会”上,以人民币11500元落锤成交,尺寸为136cm×76cm,图录号为0065。杨秀和先生的国画作品“甲午年早霜”在2015年3月15日举办的“北京瀚海第87期拍卖会”上,以人民币23000元落锤成交,尺寸为98cm×52cm,图录号为1069。杨秀和先生的国画作品“怒发冲冠”在2016年4月17日举办的“北京瀚海第91期拍卖会”上,以人民币23800元落锤成交,尺寸为68cm×68cm,图录号为0074。
杨秀和先生楹联作品“雨点梅蕾三冬艳,风掸枝头四季尘”,2016年4月17日举办的“北京瀚海91期精品拍卖会”上,以人民币13800元落锤成交,尺寸为135cm×35cm×2,图录号为0124。杨秀和先生名称为“鸣”的国画作品于2017年11月10日在北京保利第39期精品书画拍卖会上以13800元落锤成交,图录号为6099。杨秀和先生名称为“踏雪寻梅”的国画作品于2017年11月10日在北京保利第39期精品书画拍卖会上以13800元落锤成交,图录号为6100。杨秀和先生的书法作品“书魂琴韵”水墨纸本于2018年11月24日举办的“上海云顶2018金秋艺术品拍卖会”上落锤成交,落锤价格为12880元,图录号为124,尺寸为69cm×69cm。
中国汉族人饮茶注重一个“品”字。凡来了客人,沏茶、敬茶的礼仪是必不可少的。当有客来访,可征求意见,选用最合来客口味和最佳茶具待客。以茶敬客时,对茶叶适当拼配也是必要的。主人在陪伴客人饮茶时,要注意客人杯、壶中的茶水残留量,一般用茶杯泡茶,如已喝去一半,就要添加开水,随喝随添,使茶水浓度基本保持前后一致,水温适宜。在饮茶时也可适当佐以茶食、糖果、菜肴等,达到调节口味和点心之功效。
茶是中国人的基本生活物资,贯穿日常生活中。“清茶一杯,亲密无间。”人们采用或泡或煮的方式,在家庭、工作场所和茶馆等不同场所品饮与分享茶,既增加了生活情趣,也陶冶了个人情操和道德修养,还促进了人际和谐。
中国幅员辽阔、民族众多,品饮和分享茶也呈现出显著的区域性特征和多样性,如工夫茶、赣南客家擂茶、白族三道茶、瑶族油茶习俗。此外,茶也被广泛应用于婚礼、拜师、祭祀等仪式活动。以茶敬客、以茶结友、以茶敦亲、以茶睦邻,是优秀文化传统,体现了中国人谦、和、礼、敬的价值观,有助于增强文化认同和社会凝聚力。
茶文化在汉族的生活中,非常重要。武王伐纣,茶叶已作为贡品。原始公社后期,茶叶成为货物交换的物品。战国,茶叶已有一定规模。先秦《诗经》总集有茶的记载。又如在汉朝,茶叶成为佛教“坐禅”的专用滋补品。
魏晋南北朝,已有饮茶之风。隋朝,全民普遍饮茶。唐朝,茶业昌盛,茶叶成为“人家不可一日无茶”,出现茶馆、茶宴、茶会,提倡客来敬茶。宋朝,流行斗茶,贡茶和赐茶等等。
我国是茶树的原产地,茶树最早出现于我国西南部的云贵高原、西双版纳地区。但是有部分学者认为茶树的原产地在印度,理由是印度有野生茶树,而中国没有。但他们不知中国在公元前200年左右的《尔雅》中就提到有野生大茶树,而且还有“茶树王”。
《神农本草经》是我国的第一部药学专著,自战国时代写起,成书于西汉年间。这部书以传说的形式,搜集自远古以来,劳动人民长期积累的药物知识,其中有这样的记载:“神农尝百草,日遇七十二毒,得荼而解之”。据考证:这里的荼是指古代的茶,大意是说,远在上古时代,传说中的炎帝,亲口尝过百草,以便从中发现有利于人类生存的植物,竟然一天之内多次中毒。但由于服用茶叶而得救。这虽然是传说,带有明显的夸张成份,但也可从中得知,人类利用茶叶,可能是从药用开始的。
据考察,“茶”字最早出现在《百声大师碑》和《怀晖碑》中,时间大约在唐朝中期,公元806年到公元820年前后,在此之前,“茶”是用多义字“荼”表示的。
“茶”字的基本意义是“苦菜”,上古时期人们对茶还缺乏认识,仅仅根据它的味道,把它归于苦菜一类,是完全可以理解的,当人们认识到它与一般苦菜的区别及其特殊功能时,单独表示它的新字也就产生了。
茶与粮食,占有同等重要的位置。可是,“由于气候等原因,当地并不产茶,官府为了增强控制少数民族的力量,对茶叶的供给采取限量,直接分配的办法,以求达到“以茶治边”的目的。
与此同时,官府不仅控制茶叶的供应,而且,以少量的茶,交换多数的战马,给兄弟民族带来沉重的负担,这就是历史上的“茶马互市”。
茶叶作为一种饮料,从唐朝开始,流传到我国西北各个少数民族地区,成为当地人民生活的必需品,“一日无茶则滞,三日无茶则病”。
中国是茶树的原产地。然而,中国在茶业上对人类的贡献,主要在于最早发现了茶这种植物,最先利用了茶这种植物,并把它发展形成为我国和东方乃至整个世界的一种灿烂独特的茶文化。
如我国史籍所载,在未知饮茶前,“古人夏则饮水,冬则饮汤”,恒以温汤生水解渴。以茶为饮则改变了人们喝生水的陋习,较大地提高了人民的健康水平。
至于茶在欧美一带,被认为“无疑是东方赐予西方的最好礼物”,“欧洲若无茶与咖啡之传入,饮酒必定更加无度”,“茶给人类的好处无法估计”,“我确信茶是人类的救主之一”,“是伟大的慰藉品”等等。世界各国饮茶及茶的生产和贸易,除朝鲜、日本以及中亚、西亚一带是唐朝前后就从中国传入者外,其他多是16世纪以后,特别是近200年以来才传入发展起来的。
茯砖茶约在1860年前后问世,600多年前,茯茶只能够在咸阳生产。史书上有记载,加工茯茶茶叶有三个离不开,一个是离不开泾河的水,二是离不开咸阳的气候,三是离不开城阳寨的手,即天时、地利、人和,道通天下。
普洱茶是历史以来形成的云南特有的地方名茶。是以云南原产地的大叶种晒青茶及其再加工而成两个系列:直接再加工为成品的生普和经过人工速成发酵后再加工而成的熟普,型制上又分散茶和紧压茶两类;成品后都还持续进行着自然陈化过程,具有越陈越香的独特品质。普洱茶是用优良品种云南大叶种的鲜叶制成,也叫作普洱散茶。其外形条索粗壮肥大,色泽乌润或褐红,俗称象猪肝色。滋味醇厚回甘,具有独特的陈香味儿,有“美容茶”之声誉。
辨体质选茶是茶道养生的重要基本功之一,从茶的生长地区来看,有东南西北的不同,更有寒热温凉的区别,泡制加工过程也有所不同,严格地说,并不是喝所有的茶都对身体有益。
我们常常看到某些人喝龙井茶或花茶就一个劲要上厕所,泻得很厉害,以致不再喝茶;也有的人喝茶后会出现便秘;更有人喝茶后饥饿感很严重;有的人喝茶会整夜睡不着;有的人喝茶后血压会上升;还有的人喝茶会象喝醉酒一样,出现茶醉的怪现象,产生心慌、头晕、四肢乏力、胃里难受、站立不稳和饥饿等症状,这是就要注意对饮茶者进行调养了。
产生茶醉的原因无非是由于空腹饮茶、血糖过低或是对氨茶碱过敏,或是过度疲劳,或是过度兴奋所致。一般情况下适当进食一些水果或糖水,或让病人休息一下,暂时停止饮茶都有助于茶醉患者的恢复。
人的形体有高矮胖瘦,人的个性有柔刚,人的精神有低沉和高亢,人的先天禀赋有强弱,这些都应区别对待。一般来说,胖人多痰湿,多畏寒,多气郁;瘦人多火,多湿热,多阴虚。南方人多火,体质多偏于阴虚,多偏于湿热;北方人多寒,体质多偏于阳虚,多偏于痰湿。
从生活方式来讲,吸烟者多偏湿热,多有阴火,多有痰湿;而嗜酒者则多偏于阴虚阳亢,下焦湿热。从职业来讲,知识分子和办公室一族多好静恶动,因而体质上多外实而内虚;而体力劳动者,多好动恶静,因而在体质上多外虚而内实。在饮茶方面,有的人要讲究一些,偏嗜于某种茶,这样在长期的饮茶习惯影响下,体质也会发生变化。而有的人从不饮茶,刚开始饮茶时,则一在量上要轻,二在质上要柔,三在饮茶时间上要选择较为平和的时期。
选择茶叶应因人而异还应注意人体所处的不同状态。青春期性发育,以绿茶为主;少女经期和妇女更年期,情绪不安,则饮花茶以疏肝解郁,理气调经;妇女产后和体力劳动者宜用红茶;脑力劳动者宜绿茶;老年肝肾阴虚或阴阳俱虚可饮用红茶。
从药茶的配合和饮用来讲,知识分子和上班一族可饮用药味稍柔、药力稍缓、气味较为芳香的花类或叶类植物;而重体力劳动者如搬运工人、建筑工人则适合饮用药力浑厚一些的藤类、茎类植物茶。
世界各国的种茶和饮茶习俗,最早都是直接或间接从中国传播去的,他转引英国剑桥大学李约瑟博士的对茶的评价——茶是中国人民继四大发明之后对全世界具有伟大贡献的第五大发明。中国茶在全球范围内的传播不仅仅为当地人民提供待了健康的饮料,更为当地创造了财富和就业机会,是中外友好往来的有力见证。中国茶更深深地影响了日本、韩国、英国、美国等国家和地区的历史进程。日本茶道、韩国茶礼都是中国茶、茶文化传入当地与当地文化、生活方式相结合而形成的具有民族特色的茶文化。
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