在现代，各种机械化的设备，让琢玉变得越发简单，不论是在前期准备方面的原料切割，还是后期精修上的细心打磨。机械化设备带来的简单便捷是显而易见的。而在古代，那个没有机械，没有电，甚至是没有工具，全靠自己摸索的年代，古人是如何琢玉的呢？
制玉工具
1、制玉机器
这是古代制玉用的砣机，又名“水凳”，坐水凳这词大家肯定经常听到！
2、解玉砂
解玉砂往往都是用比玉石硬度高的矿物磨成的，粗的颗粒用来切割，细的就用在纹饰雕刻上面！一边都是工具搭配解玉砂一起使用！
3、砣具
最常见的工具，可用于切割、镂空、钻孔和打磨。相当于咱们现在的切割机！
砣具切割示意图
4、线具
同样是用于切割，但是这个更加麻烦，切一块玉都要数小时之久！
5、金属片状工具
这种工具都是铁匠打出来的，主要用于片料，我们经常在拍卖会上看到一些精美的片状玉雕，都是这样切出来的，非常工整。
6、管具
管状道具主要用来打孔，一般都是满满钻进去的，如同钻木去火一般，钻出一个孔来！
7、桯具
也是用来打孔的，不过是实心的。
制作工序
我们以古代常见的蹄形器、玉璧、玉琮的制作为例。
1、蹄形器
①以桯具打孔
②将线穿入孔中
③沿边线切，取出中心玉料。
2、玉璧
①管具钻孔，取出中心玉料
②使用砣具切割成圆
3、玉琮
①切磨外形
②管具钻孔取芯
③砣具去方成圆
雕刻纹饰
我们以春秋时期的蒲文璧为例
①使用砣具雕琢三对平行线即可。
关于玉器的制作
这得从两万年前的北京周口店山顶洞人时期说起，在周口店遗址中发现了原始的兽骨饰品、贝壳和石头珠，其中一些甚至还有染色工艺，可见两万年前原始人类就已经掌握了石器的钻孔技术。
旧石器时期的兽牙珠子，能看到原石的手工钻孔。
在旧石器时期，人们就有了佩戴饰物的习惯，那时候的就开始有意识的在一些漂亮的石头上钻眼穿绳佩戴。当时用的是兽齿、石头钻头，为了增加钻头的使用寿命，会加入硬度更高的细沙。
当时人们只能用双手转动带石头钻头的木棍来打眼，表面也只能简单的打磨方式制作简单的形状，比如磨圆或者磨成方的。
红山文化玉器钻孔痕迹
距今八千年的红山文化，玉器的制作已经有了长足的进步，这时候的玉器还看不到细阴线，应该还没有出现旋转陀机。虽然有了桯钻和管钻，但是从红山文化玉器上看，应该不是轴心旋转陀机制作的。
红山文化玉器上的打磨痕迹
陀机出现的时间很多人认为是良渚文化时期，目前还没有定论，因为良渚文化玉器上的细阴线更像是用刀加解玉砂磨出来的。但是到了商代，其工艺可以确认是双人操作的陀机制作的，而且已经用了青铜陀具。
桯钻打孔的孔壁痕迹
这种跪式的双人陀机，必须一个人拉动转轮，一个人在陀具下，一手拿玉，一手加解玉砂。这种跪式双人一直到南北朝出现了以脚踩作为动力的水凳，从此玉雕就进入了单人单陀机制作玉器的时代。
单人操作的水凳
人们最早用的是野兽牙齿在玉石上反复刻画，包括良渚文化的很多线条都是用传说中的“昆吾刀”刻制的，直到商代出现青铜陀具，玉器的纹饰可以做得越来越精美。到了汉代才开始普及铁制陀具，并且一直延续到现在，不同的是铁制陀针越来细，样式功能也越来越完善。
现代陀针
古代玉器制作一般有开大料、扎锅、冲锅、磨锅、掏膛、镂空、上花、钻孔和抛光的工序。开大料一般用大型的线锯由两人拉动配合解玉砂切割大料，然后就是上陀机用大陀轮切出大样，再经过成型、碾陀上花、用桯钻钻孔、搜弓镂花，皮陀抛光，一件玉器才能算是成品。
我坚信，真正的顶级玉雕，还是离不开手工的雕刻与打磨，就像老话说的那样：“慢工才能出细活”！
馆藏古玉器欣赏
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