适合朗诵的英文美文3分钟
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作者:冯骥才 诵读:王卉
那些出自田野的花花绿绿的木版画,歪头歪脑、粗拉拉的泥玩具,连喊带叫、土尘蓬蓬的乡间土戏,还有那种一连三天人山人海的庙会,到底美不美?
自古文人大多是不屑一顾的。认为都是粗俗的村人的把戏,难入大雅之堂。故而这些大多为文盲所创造的民间文化一边自生自灭,一边靠着口传心授传承下来。
当然,在古代也有一些文人欣赏纯朴天然的民间文化,大多是些诗人。他们的诗中便会流淌着溪流一般透彻的民歌的光和影。从李白到刘禹锡都是如此。但是,古代画家则不然,他们崇尚文人画,视民间画人为画匠,很少有画家肯瞧一眼民间绘画的。美术界学习民间的潮流还是在近代受到了西方的影响。西方的绘画没有“文人画”,所以从米开朗基罗到毕加索一直与民间艺术是沟通的。在他们的心里,精英的绘画是“流”,而民间艺术却是一种“源”。
在人类的文化中,有两种文化是具有初始性的源。一种是原始文化,一种民间文化。但在人类离开了原始时代之后,原始文化就消失了。民间文化这个“源”却一直活生生地存在。
精英文化是自觉的,原始文化与民间文化是自发性的。“自觉”来自于思维,而“自发”直接来自生命本身。它具有生命的本质。所以,西方画家总是不断地从原始与民间这两个“源”中去吸取生命的原动力与生命的气质。
所以说,生命之美是民间审美的第一要素。
可是,民间文化从来都只是被使用的。被精英文化作为一种审美资源来使用。它的本身并没有被放在与精英文化同等的位置。
在近代,人们对民间文化所接受的一部分,也都是靠近“雅”的一部分。比如戏剧中的京戏,由于趋向文雅而能够受宠,而许多土得掉渣的地方戏仍然被轻视着,因而如今中国一些地方戏种已经到了濒死的边缘。再比如在民间木版年画中,比较城市化而变得精细雅致的杨柳青年画容易被接受,一些纯粹的乡土版画很难被城市人看出美来。
民间文化有自己独特的审美体系。包括审美语言、审美方式与审美习惯。陕北的那些擅长剪纸的老婆婆在用剪子剪那些鸡呀猫呀虎呀娃娃呀的时候,一边铰一边会咧开嘴笑。她们那种无声的“艺术语言”会使自己心花怒放。民间文化与精英文化的另一个不同是,民间文化是非理性的,纯感性的,纯感情的。这种感情是一种鲜活的生命和生活的情感。有生命的冲动,也有生活理想。有精神想像,也有现实渴望。他们这种语言在广大的田野与山间人人能懂。一望而知,心有同感,互为知音。
因此民间审美又是一种民间情感。懂得了民间的审美就可以感受到民间的情感,心怀着民间的情感就一定能悟解到民间的审美。我们为什么只学英语,与洋人交流;偏偏不问民间话语,与自己乡民村人交谈,体验我们大地上这种迷人的情感?何况这是一种优美而可视的语言。这种语言坦白、快活、自由、一任天然。没有任何审美的自我强迫,全是审美的自发。它们不像精英文化那样追求深刻,致力创新,强调自我。它们不表现个性,只追求乡亲们的认同;它们追求的实际上是一种共性。至于某些民间艺人的个性表露也纯粹是一种自然的呈现。他们使用的是代代相传的方式。纵向的历史积淀的意义远远超过个人超群的价值。它们最鲜明的个性是地域性,它们的审美语言全是各种各样的审美方言。所以民间审美的重要特点是地域化,也就是审美语言的方言化。这便使民间审美具有很浓厚的文化含量。
写到这里,我便弄明白了——过去我们判断民间艺术美不美,往往依据的是精英文化的标准。这样,我们不但只接受了民间艺术很小的一部分,而且看不到民间艺术中的文化美,也就是民间审美的文化内涵。
今天,我们正处在农耕文明时代向工业化的现代文明的转型期。农耕时代的一切创造渐渐成为历史形态。我们应该从昔时的看待民间文化的偏见性视角与狭义的观念中超越出来,从更广更深的文化角度来认识民间文化,感受民间独特的审美。从而将先人的创造完整地变为后世享用的财富。
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