石涛的山水画，早期受梅清的影响，景物奇秀，用笔方折居多，皴法纠结，景色苍浑，人称“细笔石涛”，如北京故宫博物院藏他39岁作《山水册》，就是他早年的代表作。此后他又以大自然为师，先后游历了黄山、华岳、庐山、天台山、长江、洞庭湖、西湖等名山大川，从取之不尽的大自然中汲取营养，丰富创作。此外他又泛学了诸家笔法，尤其吸收了元代倪瓒、黄公望、吴镇、王蒙“四大家”，以及明代的沈周、陈洪绶等人的长处，逐渐形成豪放宏博、潇洒狂逸、苍莽奇异的艺术风格而称雄画坛。谈到他的山水画用笔，曲尽飞涩、徐疾、粗细、干湿之妙，如中锋、侧锋、逆锋、散锋、顺逢、尖笔、秃笔、枯笔、湿笔、破笔、圆笔等都有，但主要有中锋细笔、侧锋粗笔，以及刚性、柔性用笔等。从传世之作看粗笔多勾皴山石，细笔多勾剔芦草、松竹之类，而刚性用笔多见于折带皴，柔性用笔多见于披麻、解索皴。石涛的山水画笔法，如按物象分，又有丛树、山石、房舍、烟云、流水之别。
以下按分类详述：
丛林： 石涛画树木，多画平头树，故宫所藏《石涛山水册》中有他自题曰：“惯写平头树，时时易草堂，临流独兀坐，知意在清湘。”从他众多传世之作看，的确有许多树木的画法，其结顶多作“平头”。石涛画的松树，得法于黄山，大致有两种画法：其一，是平坡之松，松干多挺直，松针较宽，短促出笔略带圆弧形，六七笔成一组，具自然生态之趣。其二，悬崖高山之松，松干多以斜出取势，盘曲瘦硬，松针细长刚劲，用墨干而浓，给人以苍劲畸形之感，多得益于黄山。画杂树，其树干行笔古拙，枯笔之后多用湿墨破晕，点叶墨色较重，粗阔点中往往有细勾的夹叶，“大都以写石之法写之”。
山石： 石涛画的山石，或用流畅而凝重的中锋线条，或用干毛而松柔的侧锋线条先勾出山体的轮廓和脉络，然后用不同的皴法，如解索、荷叶、披麻、折带和拖泥带水皴进行皴染，以表现山峦的凹凸和体积感。皴法虽多，但总的笔性是属于董源、黄公望一类的柔性笔调，基本不用像斧劈一类的刚劲皴法。画远山不用淡墨染，而用浓墨泼染，以增加前山的明亮感，这是其他画家所没有的。
流水： 石涛画的湖水、山泉等，具有静止、微动、汹涌澎湃的不同姿态，主要有三种表现技法：
1、远处或无风之水，多留空白，不画水波；
2、微波流动之水，多用细笔中锋，线条流畅轻柔；
3、波涛汹涌之水，用略侧中锋线条，细密、起伏有致地勾出，再用淡墨烘染，以表现水的远近和动势。
烟云： 石涛画的云雾，多吸收黄山三大奇观之一--“云海”的精髓，特别强调烟云的动感和气势，基本有三种笔法：
1、勾云法：用中锋线条，灵活勾出烟云，具有流动的气势和美感，如故宫博物院藏《采石图》；
2、渍云法：即利用山体、树木本身的水墨渍出云态，具有缥缈苍茫的艺术效果，多用于大段的烟云；
3、染云法：用淡墨湿笔烘染出云感，虽没有具体的笔触，却给人以迷蒙，烟云满纸之感，且多表现晨雾和烟雨之景。
石涛的山水画，如按年代讲，还有早、中、晚的变化：
早期，从16-38岁（1657-1679年），为石涛读书、游历和求艺的奠基时期。此时他从武昌沿江东下，饱览江南名胜，不仅开阔了眼界，而且为创作积累了取之不尽、用之不竭的素材。这一时期的代表作品有故宫博物院藏《山水图》册，纸本，墨笔，共十开，描写安徽黄山一带风光，笔法清新秀逸，渴笔干墨处似程邃。其中一开仿米芾、高克恭，其他各开多法倪瓒和黄公望。一开最早纪年“丁末”（1667年），石涛时年26岁，为初创阶段之作。又如他绘《山水人物图》卷（故宫藏），根据画中自题，分别作于公元1664、1668、1677年，即从23-36岁时之作，历时13年之久（中间肯定有停作之时）。全卷共分五段，分别绘石户农、披蓑翁、湘中老人、铁脚道人和雪庵和尚等。画风工细秀逸，稚嫩之气流于画面，是一幅代表石涛个性特征的早期佳作。
中期，从39-50岁（1680-1691年）为石涛绘画蜕变期，此时创作有三种风貌：其一，与宣城时创作较接近，即多用乾笔枯墨，画风恬澹。其二，水墨淋漓、汪洋恣肆的画风，如作于44岁的《泼墨山水图》卷等。其三，风貌较为细致，勾线细润，皴擦极少，俗称“细笔石涛”。画风从新安画派化出，又从黄山的实景中吸取营养，形成笔墨老到精练，气势磅礴的艺术格调。代表作品有46岁（1687年）作《细雨求松图》和《搜尽奇峰打草稿图》（故宫藏）等。
晚期，从51-66岁去世（1692-1707年），是他的绘画创作高峰期。所画山水，笔法恣纵，淋漓痛快，粗犷处浓墨大点。纵横恣肆如急电惊雷；细微处慎密严谨，定无虚下。他敢于突破前人的陈法，如用赭代墨皴擦山石，用石绿作米点，用藤黄、胭脂作杂点描绘灼灼的桃花，都是前人从未用过的方法。这些特色为鉴定石涛的画提供了风格依据。代表作品故宫藏《清湘书画稿图》卷、《采石图》轴、《横塘曳履图》轴、《云山图》轴等。
石涛的山水画构图，新颖多样，出奇制胜，极尽含蓄隐现之妙。如他画的《云山图》（故宫藏）打破了一层地、二层树、三层山的“三叠式”和“景在下，山在上，云在中”的“两段式”构图俗套，而是用“截取法”从中间局部取景。图中只见弥漫的云山，不见山脚，而山顶也似露非露隐约其中，突出了烟云的气势。他又善于采用一水两岸式的自然分疆法，使画面有动有静，虚实结合，意趣无穷。有时他也用“之”字形的全景式构图。从石涛的观点看来，构图不光是经营位置的形式问题，而且包含了作品意境。
石涛的山水画，墨色很讲究。用色则朱砂、赭石、花青并施。和墨则湿、干、淡、浓兼有，用浓墨湿笔画梅、竹、荷花等，“野气”十足。
总之，石涛的画，笔法灵活多样，恣肆大胆，构图新奇，意境深邃，体现出很高的艺术造诣。与此相反，伪作的石涛山水画则运笔轻飘，笔墨粗俗，赋色污浊，间或出现“皮匠刀”丑态，甚至把作假者的用笔习惯带到画中来，从而为鉴定石涛的画提供了许多可靠依据。
石涛书画作品欣赏
▲石涛 霜林扶杖图
▲石涛（款） 深山秋水图
▲石涛 古木垂荫
▲石涛 溪岸幽居
▲石涛 溪桥野色
▲石涛 南山为寿
▲石涛 松风涧水图
▲石涛 松山茅屋
▲石涛 松溪茅舍
▲石涛 松荫研读图
▲石涛（款） 松鹤隐居图
▲石涛 西樵苍翠图 1694年作
▲石涛 山水
▲石涛 山水
▲石涛 山水
▲石涛 寒泉云深图
▲石涛 莲花峰图
▲石涛 松泉幽居
▲石涛 仿倪瓚秋山幽居圖
▲石涛 黄山紫玉屏图
▲石涛 寒山石径图
▲石涛 看松露滴身 1702年作
▲石涛 江上望南岳
▲石涛 垂钓图 立轴
▲石涛 山水
▲石涛 山水
▲石涛 山水
▲石涛 山水
▲石涛 洞庭放棹 1697年作
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酆爸岩13619123070 ______ 毛笔笔头的尖端部分叫笔锋,四外 较短的毛叫副毫.中锋行笔就是在写字时笔锋经常在点画当中运行,这样顺着 使用笔毛,笔毛平铺在纸上,写出的点 画看起来浑厚圆润,有立体感.侧锋即偏锋,侧锋行笔就是在写字 时,笔锋不在点画中间运行,而是偏在 点画的一侧,写横画时常偏在上边,写竖画时常偏在左边.侧锋行笔,起笔处 易见棱角,但点画往往缺乏立体感,而且由于没有顺着笔毛的方向用笔而是横 着刷,容易出现笔画一边整齐,另一边不整齐的现象.
轩虏罗1079最常用的 笔锋 有什么 -
酆爸岩13619123070 ______ 中锋、侧锋与露锋、藏锋 中锋、侧锋是说笔头锋端在笔画线条运行中所处的位置.巾锋亦 称正锋,即笔杆垂直,笔锋在笔画中行,其线条两边齐平,圆浑饱满,有立体感.中锋行笔自占被认为是书法用笔中“千古小易”的准则,学书者不可逾...
轩虏罗1079侧锋是什么? -
酆爸岩13619123070 ______ “侧锋”是指锋尖指向点画一侧的用笔方法.侧锋是伴随隶书产生的.隶书的特征是侧锋线条和方形结构.侧锋是中国书法发展史中间最重要的技术与技巧发展阶段之一,没有侧锋就没有其后更为辉煌的中国书法.在隶书书写中不用侧锋就不能书写出“蚕头雁尾”.隶书中间最主要的横画,有齐头的、有粗腰的、有细腰的、有上翘下方的,有各种各样的表现方式.各种用笔表现出古人对线条丰富的处理,而这些笔画的处理,正是通过侧锋来实现的.