朱耷（dā），号八大山人、雪个、个山、个山驴、人屋、良月、道朗等。江西南昌人，为明朝皇族江宁献王朱权的后裔，是第九世孙。明亡后，遭国毁家亡之难，心情悲愤，便装哑扮傻，在门上贴个大哑字，不与人语。23岁削发为僧，取法名传綮。由于长期积忧抑郁，遂患颠狂之疾，颠态百出。清代著名画家，清初画坛“四僧”之一。

朱耷除了在画上使用“驴”字款之外，还有“驴书”“个山驴”“驴屋”“驴汉”“技止此耳”等诸多相关题款或印章，而朱耷的耷字，也有大耳朵驴的意思。

八大山人仿黄庭坚书法，落款一个字：驴！

八大山人为什么要以“驴”为号呢？

除了有禅宗思想“骑驴觅驴”喻其在现象之外找真实，应当还有恨自己当了和尚无力对抗清政府的自嘲和讽喻之意，因为和尚被世俗骂为“秃驴”，而他做了多年和尚，于国无补，是一种驴子般的愚蠢行为。

文化人飞黄腾达时，当然“春风得意马蹄疾，一日看尽长安花”，此时自然要选择漂亮有型的骏马为坐骑，呆头呆脑的毛驴何尝能入法眼？

但多数文人在多数时间都是怀才不遇的，经济上也大多窘迫，这时能有一头毛驴作为乘骑工具，已是相当不错。而这头驴还常常只能是疲驴、瘦驴、老驴、蹇驴，“雪花打帽风搅须，宽衣破靴骑蹇驴”。此时的文人与毛驴，可以说是惺惺相惜，“相看两不厌”了。

八大山人书《酒德颂》

▼

朱耷《刘伶酒德颂卷》纸本行书，

手卷，纵25.7厘米，横531.1厘米

上海博物馆藏

释文：酒德颂

有大人先生,以天地为一朝,万朝为须臾,日月为扃牖,八荒为庭衢。行无辙迹,居无室庐,暮天席地,纵意所如。止则操卮执觚,动则挈榼提壶,唯酒是务,焉知其余? 有贵介公子,缙绅处士,闻吾风声,议其所以。乃奋袂攮襟,怒目切齿,陈说礼法,是非锋起。先生于是方捧罂承槽,衔杯漱醪。奋髯箕踞,枕麴藉糟,无思无虑,其乐陶陶。兀然而醉,豁(怳)尔而醒。静听不闻雷霆之声,熟视不睹泰山之形,不觉寒暑之切肌,利欲之感情。俯观万物,扰扰焉如江汉三载浮萍;二豪侍侧焉,如蜾蠃之与螟令。
款识：右《酒德颂》，仿山谷老人书，驴。
钤印：驴屋人屋、浪得名耳

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