在现代,各种机械化的设备,让琢玉变得越发简单,不论是在前期准备方面的原料切割,还是后期精修上的细心打磨。机械化设备带来的简单便捷是显而易见的。而在古代,那个没有机械,没有电,甚至是没有工具,全靠自己摸索的年代,古人是如何琢玉的呢?
制玉工具
1、制玉机器
这是古代制玉用的砣机,又名“水凳”,坐水凳这词大家肯定经常听到!
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01ebfa59804becc57e.jpg?size=1080x417)
2、解玉砂
解玉砂往往都是用比玉石硬度高的矿物磨成的,粗的颗粒用来切割,细的就用在纹饰雕刻上面!一边都是工具搭配解玉砂一起使用!
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01017f6561b7d7240d.jpg?size=1080x759)
3、砣具
最常见的工具,可用于切割、镂空、钻孔和打磨。相当于咱们现在的切割机!
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01ac5e185656d1e8b2.jpg?size=884x1032)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01f2806944eee20c4b.jpg?size=626x480)
砣具切割示意图
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t016a69f6956741c2c0.jpg?size=752x1074)
4、线具
同样是用于切割,但是这个更加麻烦,切一块玉都要数小时之久!
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t018b50f02279e3579f.jpg?size=728x1182)
5、金属片状工具
这种工具都是铁匠打出来的,主要用于片料,我们经常在拍卖会上看到一些精美的片状玉雕,都是这样切出来的,非常工整。
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01a0f918b9b7b4c8ed.jpg?size=652x1204)
6、管具
管状道具主要用来打孔,一般都是满满钻进去的,如同钻木去火一般,钻出一个孔来!
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t0161be8759bc8b8b08.jpg?size=758x1130)
7、桯具
也是用来打孔的,不过是实心的。
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t011c1caf1c354d1abe.jpg?size=1080x468)
制作工序
我们以古代常见的蹄形器、玉璧、玉琮的制作为例。
1、蹄形器
①以桯具打孔
②将线穿入孔中
③沿边线切,取出中心玉料。
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t0129d8518f4efafb29.jpg?size=513x775)
2、玉璧
①管具钻孔,取出中心玉料
②使用砣具切割成圆
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01aecafb4fe20ba23d.jpg?size=635x746)
3、玉琮
①切磨外形
②管具钻孔取芯
③砣具去方成圆
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t019e6c8a3ecfaeff6b.jpg?size=630x668)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t017a06c07889bf1932.jpg?size=466x770)
雕刻纹饰
我们以春秋时期的蒲文璧为例
①使用砣具雕琢三对平行线即可。
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01ed47a209f240decf.jpg?size=619x373)
关于玉器的制作
这得从两万年前的北京周口店山顶洞人时期说起,在周口店遗址中发现了原始的兽骨饰品、贝壳和石头珠,其中一些甚至还有染色工艺,可见两万年前原始人类就已经掌握了石器的钻孔技术。
旧石器时期的兽牙珠子,能看到原石的手工钻孔。
在旧石器时期,人们就有了佩戴饰物的习惯,那时候的就开始有意识的在一些漂亮的石头上钻眼穿绳佩戴。当时用的是兽齿、石头钻头,为了增加钻头的使用寿命,会加入硬度更高的细沙。
当时人们只能用双手转动带石头钻头的木棍来打眼,表面也只能简单的打磨方式制作简单的形状,比如磨圆或者磨成方的。
红山文化玉器钻孔痕迹
距今八千年的红山文化,玉器的制作已经有了长足的进步,这时候的玉器还看不到细阴线,应该还没有出现旋转陀机。虽然有了桯钻和管钻,但是从红山文化玉器上看,应该不是轴心旋转陀机制作的。
红山文化玉器上的打磨痕迹
陀机出现的时间很多人认为是良渚文化时期,目前还没有定论,因为良渚文化玉器上的细阴线更像是用刀加解玉砂磨出来的。但是到了商代,其工艺可以确认是双人操作的陀机制作的,而且已经用了青铜陀具。
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01f49f426c5f754c5c.jpg?size=1080x556)
桯钻打孔的孔壁痕迹
这种跪式的双人陀机,必须一个人拉动转轮,一个人在陀具下,一手拿玉,一手加解玉砂。这种跪式双人一直到南北朝出现了以脚踩作为动力的水凳,从此玉雕就进入了单人单陀机制作玉器的时代。
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t0124ac19b9bb99f9b8.jpg?size=640x414)
单人操作的水凳
人们最早用的是野兽牙齿在玉石上反复刻画,包括良渚文化的很多线条都是用传说中的“昆吾刀”刻制的,直到商代出现青铜陀具,玉器的纹饰可以做得越来越精美。到了汉代才开始普及铁制陀具,并且一直延续到现在,不同的是铁制陀针越来细,样式功能也越来越完善。
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t018d3188edebf353dd.jpg?size=639x400)
现代陀针
古代玉器制作一般有开大料、扎锅、冲锅、磨锅、掏膛、镂空、上花、钻孔和抛光的工序。开大料一般用大型的线锯由两人拉动配合解玉砂切割大料,然后就是上陀机用大陀轮切出大样,再经过成型、碾陀上花、用桯钻钻孔、搜弓镂花,皮陀抛光,一件玉器才能算是成品。
我坚信,真正的顶级玉雕,还是离不开手工的雕刻与打磨,就像老话说的那样:“慢工才能出细活”!
馆藏古玉器欣赏
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t015893393583f1c66d.jpg?size=480x326)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01ebba608b9a3f3288.jpg?size=480x338)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t010c429de37ec1416e.jpg?size=480x306)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t0137540027c347935d.jpg?size=480x323)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t0144b0ca44fbb8d330.jpg?size=480x327)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t018bce67f6a88e725c.jpg?size=480x332)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t0166b92c45f9fc86a8.jpg?size=437x360)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t013969d44c89e4c7fd.jpg?size=480x327)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01f14c78e29530886c.jpg?size=480x338)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t012706bd8c3c9db1ae.jpg?size=480x296)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01cf98fb894ae8633a.jpg?size=480x293)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t01eabdcdc53114377e.jpg?size=480x183)
![](https://p0.ssl.img.360kuai.com/t0173e96b2c2df73b1b.jpg?size=480x281)
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侯冰要3093北京精雕为什么每一次雕到中间都在同一个地方会抬刀? -
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从咳育18496837687 ______ 你这个问题需要变向考虑,不是把不要的路径删掉,而是把要做路径的部分圈起来,不要路径的地方不选,做路径的时候把圈起来的封闭线和网格一起选中做,那么没有选中的就不会出现路径,基础的问题问下厂家的技术,应该知道
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