十二、机器视觉

定义：机器视觉（Machine Vision）被称为机器人的眼睛，通过计算机来模拟眼睛进行图像采集，经过图像识别和处理提取信息，最终通过执行装置完成操作。

功能：识别、定位、测量、检测

机器视觉的四类功能相比人眼视觉，具有图像采集和分析速度快、观测精度高、环境适应性强、客观性高、持续工作稳定性高等优势，因而可帮助终端使用者进行产品增质、成本降低以及生产数字化。

市场规模：

GGII数据显示，从全球市场来看，2021年全球机器视觉市场规模约为 804 亿元，同比2020年增长12.15%，预计至2025年该市场规模将超过1200亿元，2022 年至2025年复合增长率约为12%；从中国市场来看，2021年中国机器视 觉市场规模138.16亿元(该数据未包含自动化集成设备规模)，同比增长 46.79%，预计至2025年我国机器视觉市场规模将达到349亿元。

目前中国已是继美国、日本之后的第三大机器视觉领域应用市场。

应用领域：机器视觉目前主要应用在消费电子、汽车、食品、制药等领域。

产业链：上游零部件、中游系统、下游行业

结构：光源、相机、软件

光源：光源是指用于为工业机器视觉应用场景提供照明的系统，主要包括光源和控制器。

光源主要分为LED 光源、卤素灯和高频荧光灯三种，其中最为常用的为LED光源。

按形状可划分为环形光源、条形光源、平面光源、 线光源、点光源、同轴光源等，不同的形状结构可提供不同的亮度、强度、照射角度、照射面积及颜色组合等，适用于不同的机器视觉应用场景。

玩家：日本CCS、Moritex、美国Ai、法国Phlox光源、国内奥普特为龙头，沃德普、康视达、锐视光电、纬朗光电等。

工业相机：用于工业领域的视觉相机为工业相机。

玩家：德国巴斯勒，美国特利丹DALSA、康耐视、日本基恩士、索尼、德国Allied Vision、韩国Vieworks等，国内海康威视、大华科技、大恒科技、维视图像。

镜头：镜头的主要作用是将目标成像在图像传感器的光敏面上，主要参数有焦距、景深(Depth of Field)、分辨率、工作距离、视场(Field of View)等。

按焦距可分为定焦镜头和变焦镜头，根据光圈可分为固定光圈和可变光圈，根据视场大小可分为摄远镜头、普通镜头和广角镜头，还有远心镜头、显微镜头、微距镜头、紫外镜头和红外镜头等。

冷加工：镀膜、荒折（粗磨）、砂挂（精磨）、抛光、芯取（磨边）等工序构成了光学冷加工的基本工艺。

玩家：全球范围德系徕卡、施耐德、卡尔蔡司，日系 CBC、Kowa、茉丽特、尼康、富士等光学巨头，国内普密斯、东正光学和慕藤光布局中低端市场。

软件：软件平台主要指开发环境，包括C#、LabVIEW、MATLAB等通用工具和Halcon、Vision Pro等专用工具。

开发包是基于软件平台对各种常用图像处理算法进行封装，用以实现对图像分割、提取、识别和判断等功能，例如维视图像的 MVIPS 图像处理软件。

图像处理软件领域主要由美、德等国主导，主要厂商包括美国康耐视Cognex、德国Mvtec、日本欧姆龙Adept 等，软件的底层算法基本被以上厂商垄断，国内创科视觉、海康威视、奥普特、维视图像等。

技术路线：2D视觉无法获得物体的空间坐标信息，随着工业控制对精确度和自动化的要求越来越高，3D机器视觉变得更受欢迎，目前市场上涌现出标准化3D视觉软、硬件产品，产业链已初步形成。

3D视觉成像可分为光学和非光学成像方法，光学方法包括ToF飞行时间、结构光投影、相机阵列、激光扫描、双目立体视觉等。

特点：

玩家：日本基恩士、美国康耐视

中国主要有海康、奥普特、天准科技、矩子科技、大恒、美亚光电、思泰克、征图新视、华周测控等。

历史：20世纪50年代，Gilson 提出“光流”这一概念，并基于相关统计模型发展了逐像素的计算模式，开始研究二维图像的统计模式识别。

20世纪60年代，美国学者Roberts 用计算机从2D图像中提取三维结构，开始进行三维机器视觉研究。

20世纪70年代，MIT人工智能实验室开设机器视觉课程，DavidMarr开创“自下而上”通过计算机视觉捕捉物体形象方法。

20世纪80-90年代，视觉公司开发出第一代图像处理产品。

21世纪，机器视觉产品在下游行业得到了广泛应用，各个行业开始寻求视觉检测方案。

作者：new bo；微信公众号：new bo

本文由 @new bo 原创发布于人人都是产品经理。未经许可，禁止转载

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