日记 灞上鸿门宴【严建设】

2023年08月16日 Wednesday晴热

今日忽发思古之幽情，拟做一次秋初之旅。和老妻驱车跑了趟鸿门宴景区，就在临潼区新丰街道鸿门堡村，距秦兵马俑博物馆2.5公里处的鸿门宴遗址，是骊山风景中最北的旅游点。是个小众景点，没啥人，停车免费，门票是40元，加上隔壁项王营景区30元，合计70元。稍嫌贵了点。65岁老者凭身份证免票。女讲解员很敬业。里面重点被介绍的是秦末的一个旱厕，是刘邦遁逃之路。也可能是根据想象臆造出来的，毕竟2200多年了。里面主要还蜡像恢复了鸿门宴景况。该地距烽火戏诸侯的周幽王陵咫尺之遥，但没人知道周幽王。

进了大门是一排雕塑，感觉霸王的塑像稍嫌瘦小了点，跟刘邦的身材几乎一模一样。不应该。霸王力拔山兮气盖世，力能举鼎，在秦王嬴荡举鼎身亡的前例下，照举不误，异常强悍无人能及。而且巨鹿之战，霸王率5万楚军，破釜沉舟，一举击溃章邯王离40万虎狼之师秦军，实在是世界战争史上的壮举。前无古人，后无来者：及楚击秦，诸将皆从壁上观。楚战士无不一以当十，楚兵呼声动天，诸侯军无不人人惴恐。于是已破秦军。项羽召见诸侯将入辕门无不膝行而前，莫敢仰视。项羽由是始为诸侯上将军诸侯皆属焉。其中描述三个无不，实在震撼。

其南依骊山，北临渭河，地处潼关通长安之要道，遗址前横着一公里长的峭塬，中间像刀劈似的断为两半，南北洞开，犹如城门，鸿门因此而得名。一场宴会的那个时段演绎出来很多古典著名的成语，每个活灵活现的场景都带有故事，像焚书坑儒，指鹿为马，破釜沉舟，壁上观，约法三章，锦衣夜行，沐猴而冠，鸿门宴、项庄舞剑，意在沛公，人为刀俎，我为鱼肉，一决雄雌，明修栈道，暗度陈仓，十面埋伏，四面楚歌，霸王别姬，江东父老等等等等。里面展示的措辞排列不大严谨。中学的课文里，有一篇《史记鸿门宴》。当年都翻译过。里面有几面大鼓，木头鼓槌。我看看无人，握紧鼓槌，大敲了一阵得胜鼓。当年批改作文的商子渝老师说，你班十几个同学跟你的一样一样，我没说实则都是抄我的。我的作文做范文印刷发放后，融合了班上很多同学的关系。

展厅里有个秦朝陶制的五边形下水管道。过去60-80年代年代这个管道在我们3号院男厕里有一个，人们不知何物，在上撒尿而已。到了90年代，据传有人得知后想5-10W元购买，却在拆迁时砸碎当建筑垃圾运走了。

有个封王殿，里面有些秦末著名将领蜡像，介绍是项羽凭藉手中掌握的40万军队，则自立为西楚霸王，建都彭城，以霸主的身份将全国分成18个王国，分封给诸侯、部将和降将为王。这18个王是:汉王刘邦、雍王章邯、塞王司马欣、翟王董翳、西魏王魏豹、河南王申阳、韩王韩成、殷王司马邛、代王赵歇、常山王张耳、九江王黥布、衡山王吴芮、临江王共敖、辽东王韩广、燕王臧荼、胶东王田市、齐王田都、济北王田安。项羽这样分封的目的，首先是建立自己的权威，以便号令天下;其次是把他的劲敌刘邦封在秦朝流放罪人的巴蜀，以降将章邯、司马欣给予钳制。但基本上个个骨瘦如柴獐头鼠目老鼠胡须，稍嫌猥琐，根本不像冷兵器时代行军打仗的将领。最著名的章邯不见踪影。城墙上有一口铜钟铸着半幅楹联，气吞山河：有志者事竟成，破釜沉舟，百二秦关终属楚；苦心人天不负，卧薪尝胆三千越甲可吞吴。

据司马迁《史记·项羽本纪》记载，2000多前年西楚霸王项羽在鸿门宴会汉高祖刘邦。宴会上处处杀机，刘邦时时示弱，厕遁而出后发起楚汉战争，以弱胜强，借一介死囚揭竿而起声势，做了中国历史上第一个布衣皇帝，定国号为汉。后人评议，项羽是个真正的英雄，而刘邦是个无赖，结果英雄被无赖所灭，以至于李清照写下千古名句：生当作人杰，死亦为鬼雄，至今思项羽，不肯过江东。

这场军伍之宴是中国历史百件事件之一，它不仅改变了历史人物的人生，也改变了中国的历史走向。“鸿门宴”诠释了历史的变数和偶然，被史学家称为“千古一宴”、“天下第一宴”！当然那个年代也没啥好吃的，可能最好吃的就是霸王赐给樊哙的肘子。40万军队，得多少辎重粮草啊？鸿门宴最不着调的事实是霸王居然把给他通风报信的左司马曹无伤透漏给刘邦，以至其命丧黄泉。而背叛霸王而给刘邦通风报信的项伯、张良、陈平都潜伏着安然无恙。那个被人千古赞颂的猛将樊哙，实则巨鹿之战破秦军之际毫无建树。可能也是刘邦有远见，预备保存实力跟霸王争夺天下。霸王主战场上打仗非常厉害，笼络人心玩心术搞宣传绝不是刘邦的对手。柳亚子曾感叹：开天辟地君真健，说项依刘我大难。夺席谈经非五鹿，无车弹铗怨冯驩。

离开鸿门宴景区后，我俩又去了临潼博物馆。人山人海，一个一个旅游团如过江之鲫，车子过马路得等一阵子。也属疲倦之旅，有的游客倚靠在走廊睡着了都。

其于1986年4月30日竣工，建筑风貌依旧，西邻本是东花园，70年代的原47军军部，但已迁走了。留下的是后勤机关。不能拍照。马路对面停车场收费20元/次。然后我俩去共进午餐，在一家汉中热米皮店中，叫了热米皮、肉夹馍、醪糟汤圆、骨肉相连、三鲜土豆粉吃饱了归家不提。感觉物美价廉。

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灞上鸿门宴【严建设】

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