牡丹，落叶灌木，初春发芽抽枝，花梗挺健，枝叶茂盛,花形饱满艳丽,整株牡丹由花冠、枝叶、茎干等部分组成。

1、牡丹的结构名称

       牡丹花的特点是花冠硕大，以“花大盈尺"形容之,以“千片赤英霞烂烂，百枝绛点灯煌煌"形容其姿美色艳。每年四月初，花茎顶只生一花。牡丹花由花冠、花苞、花茎、花叶、花芽、叶芽、枝干等组成。

2、牡丹叶片的特征与叶组的画法

       牡丹叶片发自花的周围，为互生的二回三出，复叶羽状，在大叶柄上分出三个小叶柄，每个小叶柄上长三片叶，谓之三叉九鼎。在画写意丛叶时只需在众多的叶片中画出一组亮相叶片，表现出三叉九鼎的特征即可。

       画叶片时，先调出汁绿（花青加藤黄）为主色，再蘸以胭脂或墨使其有变化，三笔为一组。画丛叶时，第一要留足“气眼”，即在丛叶之间要留出形状各异的空白，叶宜少不宜多，这样更能突出花冠，叶的总面积要小于花冠的总面积；第二要处理好叶尖，叶的出神处在叶尖的趋向转折上，叶尖宜露，用笔要松灵。

先画干后添叶法。↑↑

先画叶后添干法。↑↑

一组不同角度叶片的画法。↑↑

3、牡丹花干的特征与画法

       牡丹植株高矮聚散姿态各异，其枝干弯曲向四周伸展并具植株中心回抱的向心性，由此而植株的枝干呈扭曲状向内聚合。牡丹枝干生长缓慢，每年花茎可长出20厘米，但不能全部木质化，有“年长一尺缩八寸”之说。

       画老干可用墨赭色，笔势须顿挫，行笔似断非断，宜粗、宜拙，干湿并用，可以留出飞白得自然之美。单干生长姿态呈“弓”字形，两干在一起要画出主辅的关系，三干组合要画出疏密关系，如此才能画出多姿的图像。

一组牡丹花干的画法。↑↑

一组牡丹花干的画法。↑↑

4、牡丹花苞的特征与画法

       牡丹花蕾分小蕾与大蕾〔亦称花苞），花蕾由三片大特紧抱，形如扣盅，大芎下有六片复萼环生，呈带状。画大萼用羊毫或兼毫先调成汁绿(花青加藤黄再加少量赭石)，笔尖略蘸胭脂，点出三片带状大萼，复萼亦以此法画成带状，然后以胭脂色画出带状的点。

三组花蕾的画法步骤。↑↑

5、牡丹花蕊的特征与画法

       花蕊有雌雄之分。雌蕊由多个子房聚集而成，外面包一层房衣，花凋谢时房衣破裂露出子房，有的子房瓣化为花瓣。雄蕊在花冠中起点睛作用。

       雌蕊画法：一般以石绿，蘸点胭脂色以三笔为一组点厾。↓↓↓

       雄蕊画法：雄蕊由花粉、花丝组成，花粉一般以中黄色点出，也可以用胭脂或其他重色点之，如姚黄牡丹，可先点白粉，待干后再染黄色，此法易出立体感。点雄蕊要注意聚散排列，初开时花粉紧密集中在子房四周，盛开时花粉丰满且围抱子房富有生气，凋谢时花粉有的已散落，但子房仍昂立，要画出其神态。↓↓↓

6、花冠的结构特征与画法

       牡丹的品种繁多，花冠各异，可将其按“三类、六型”归类。

       三类：单瓣类，花大如盘，如葵花型，花瓣四至五轮；重瓣类，瓣形清晰，如菊花型，花瓣六轮以上；千瓣类，重叠繁密，如绣球型，花冠丰满。

       六型：葵花型，瓣大飘逸，花蕊显露；荷花型，形似荷花，层次分明；菊花型，花瓣平展，稍有隆起；玫瑰型，花瓣整齐，瓣数较多；皇冠型，层次繁多，花瓣起楼；绣球型，层次重叠，颤颤欲坠。

       在描绘上述花冠时，要抓住形态特征，牡丹花的花瓣环花心而展开，谓之百瓣归心，形成内紧外松、里小外大的花冠特点。

       花瓣边缘的缺裂变化万千，—般由方、弧、尖三种形状组成，如图：画者要观察其变化规律，每个瓣中间部分都有一个深裂口，旁侧是细尖瓣，之后是较浅裂口，不管缺裂如何变化，边缘总是呈弧线状走向。

       牡丹花冠的基本形状有椭圆形、梯形、放射形等。为使花冠态势各异，要画好三组线，即外环线、内环线、腰间线。内环线是刻画花冠立体感的关键，腰间线是检测花冠“百瓣归心”的辅助线，外环线则决定了花冠的外形特征。要画出较完美的牡丹花冠形状，应圆中有缺，其缺口应大小不并相互呼应。

墨池耀金

       花冠是牡丹的主体，有各种不同的姿态，如正面花、侧面花、昂首花、低垂花等。

       气候变化影响牡丹的形态：晴日牡丹宜昂首，花瓣纷披各伸展。风中牡丹动姿生，花瓣潇洒有起伏。雨中牡丹花下斜，花瓣垂软紧相连。露中牡丹瓣合抿，饱满滋润状如醉。

7、画花冠常用笔法

       花冠是牡丹的主体，其画法用笔有平移法、斡水法、点艺法、一笔法、组合法等。

       斡水法：斡，旋转之意。指连续旋动，重叠的水法，其原理是旋转重复的水、彩互相碰撞，冲击成斑驳陆离的水痕墨迹。

       平移法：以笔尖为中心，毛笔在纸上由左向右或由右向左顺移或逆进，此法画成的花瓣呈扇形，可较方便地调整花瓣的大小、方圆、宽窄的关系。

       点厾法：以三笔为一组，笔尖由花蕊向外推或向内拉或挑，可以画出花瓣的大小宽窄及方圆、疏密的变化。

       一笔法：用饱蘸色墨的笔由深至淡层层画出花冠的姿态。最后一笔是最淡的反面花瓣中出现飞白的笔迹，之后在笔根注入清水再画，有枯湿浓淡的变化。

       组合法：牡丹花瓣的组合因画面中花瓣转折多变,可用上述诸法组合运用。其用笔程序是一斡二推〔平移法）三点丢，是为三联法，所画出的牡丹花瓣自然而多变化。

春色生辉

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厍友武3650每个独立的室内空间中,一般有个立面图 - 上学吧普法考试
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贝看咬13779971153 ______ (1)成熟区 吸收水和无机盐 导管 (2)分生区 分裂 分生 形成层 (3)保护 (4)②和③ 试题分析:在轴向上,根尖的结构一般可以划分为四个部分:根冠、分生区、伸长区和成熟区;1、成熟区,也称根毛区,内部某些细胞的细胞质和细胞核逐...

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