虚谷是清朝末年的著名画家，也是海上画派的代表人物，其作品具有“冷峻之风格，散发清寒之光”，与其他那些大家的浓妆淡抹或者大开大合相比，虚谷的作品更加清奇飘逸，其更能够从传统的框架中突破出来，构图形式追求创新，突破了传统画面的局限，具有新鲜视角，在其当时所处的时代具有一定的前瞻性和开放性。时隔这么多年，虚谷的绘画艺术还是散发着独特的魅力，对近代的文人墨客以及画家风格形成产生了莫大的影响，笔者也深受其影响，特意寻找相关历史文献以及作品分析虚谷花鸟画的构图特点和影响。

一、虚谷花鸟画产生的时代背景

虚谷（1824 ～1896），本名周怀仁，字虚谷，祖籍新安，后定居扬州。其生活在晚清时期，也是面对西方列强入侵以及国人暴动起义的关键时期，其生活年间整个清王朝内忧外患，从无太平，虚谷作为热血青年也曾想要进入朝廷中施展自己的抱负，其曾经任参将率兵攻打太平军。虚谷僧名虚白，不过历史文献当中却从来没有说过他皈依哪位高僧，即便这样我们还是能够从其书画诗词以及斋号和别号当中看出一二，比如苏州博物馆当中的《衡峰和尚肖像》上的题款“衡公老和尚五十七岁小像，弟子虚谷写”可知，其师傅是衡峰和尚，还有传说虚谷以前在苏州的狮林寺当过方丈，也传过衣钵弟子，所以综上我们可以分析出虚谷本人对于佛法是有一定的研究的，佛门当中的平淡精神以及平和冲淡的气质跟思辨的思维从虚谷后来的“倦鹤”和“觉非”当中也能够觉察出来。虚谷置身于方外却又从来不守常法，以书画自娱自乐，行为怪诞，说明其皈依并不是真的想要学习佛法，而是基于对现实的不满但是又无力改变，只能够通过这样的一种方式对现实进行无言的反抗，所以这也成为了他一生中的重要转折点，其后来经常漂泊在扬州、苏州以及上海等地，过着漂泊不定的生活。

虚谷年轻时一心想要做官入世，后来又极力想要出世，前半生的心路十分的坎坷，导致他对于世界和命运的思考与他人有着截然不同的思路，他有着全面的抗争精神，不愿意和世俗同流合污，从刚开始的被迫入山一直到后来的云游四海，虚谷一生跌跌撞撞，在入世和出世之间徘徊。

二、虚谷花鸟画的构图形式

1、高度概括性和组成种族性。虚谷所作的花鸟画造型独特简约，笔画简单，色调清淡，符合虚谷的艺术特点，其画笔之下展现出来的对象往往是简单的几何图形或者线形图形，比如他把扁鱼、家畜等描绘成了简单的多边形和三角形等；菊花的花瓣归纳成简单的钝角菱形，叶子画成一个团块，纵横交错的满幅梅花枝又像是很多的直线交汇在了一起，他用各种直线、虚线和弧线将所有想要表达的事物充分的表现了出来。他对于事物外表特征的感受特别有新意，是高度的概括抽象而不是直观的描绘，不单是用线条还用各种不同的颜色，但是整体呈现出来的是清幽特点，虚谷十分重视对于平面的处理，不过分重视画面的厚重和层次感。

倘若说虚谷的造型处理是在做减法，那么在整体的画面布局上就像是乘法和加法一样，其十分重视画布中物和物之间的联系，特别擅长使用重复排列组合，比如首尾相连的松鼠和鱼类以及花朵、兰草、叶子等，都是从具体的事物中抽象概括出来的。他的著名作品《柳条鱼》当中，画幅中，一群鱼，大小形状相似，似柳叶，似青条，七八尾、十来尾，仿佛从一个模子里刻出来。扬州市江都区博物馆藏的虚谷《花鸟图》，在运笔用墨方面又独辟蹊径，颇为个性化，以方写圆、以拙取巧、以逆取势，可谓是艳色、枯笔与变形的交融。虽然不同类型的作品当中都有不同的符号化语言，不过在整体的感觉处理上，不同符号化语言并没有走向形式主义的表现，其十分重视内在精神表达，也就是升华整个画的主题，虚谷所看到的果实或许对他来说不仅仅是果腹的，他看到的金鱼也不仅仅是用来欣赏的，他所用绘画表现出来的，始终是跟他所接受的佛家思想有着莫大关系。

2、运用垂直轴线。

虚谷不少的花鸟册页都能够在画面中心突出整体结构形象，或者从某一点展开向四周扩散。比如一只松鼠几乎从对角交叉的中心开始上下几笔完成。其作品《满架秋风》中，在画的中间画了几个扁豆就像在风露之中四面凌空，感觉像是四面来风一样，布局独具特色。虚谷的花鸟画当中呈现出了金鱼、松鼠以及菊花等事物，都分布在垂直轴线当中，特别是展示出了一种下垂或者上扬的态势，比如其表现的梅花、金鱼和松鼠等，以一以贯之的特点强烈的表达出了个性特点和震撼人心的力量，在他的动物题材当中金鱼和松鼠占比最高，也是在垂直线上分布，例如，北京故宫博物院藏的一幅《绿竹松鼠图屏》中，繁茂的绿竹林间，三只大小相近的松鼠，由上而下俯冲而来。咋一看，仿如一只松鼠快速向下窜的慢镜头呈像所得，而呈垂直之势。此外，在对花卉和植物的表现方面，更多的是垂直挺拔的气势，比如竹子和梅花枝等，尤其是后者在冰天雪地当中的姿态呈现出刚直气势，虚谷线条的运用在这方面表现的淋漓尽致。

三、虚谷花鸟画构图的启示

虚谷和任伯年以及吴昌硕是近代海上画派中的代表人物，被称为“海上三杰”，从晚清开始他们联手将绘画艺术推至艺术顶峰，虚谷以其造诣卓绝的形式之美尤为突出，开辟了写意画之新时代。吴冠中曾经对虚谷的写意画有过高度评价，他说虚谷眼中的形象世界是十分鲜明突出的，其特别擅长在具象中抽象出美的旋律，能够发现画面中的其他美，这是前人未曾做到的。比如在虚谷的关于鱼的题材当中，很多方形的鱼和圆鼓形的鱼。回头看虚谷的《水草白鲦》，七八尾白鲦，如箭、如叶，呈对角斜势游来，画家捕获了鱼在运动中的弧线状，强调了一种速度与量感美，这为后人进行花鸟画的构图给与了深刻的启示。

四、结语

每一代人都有自己崇尚美的特点和审美观，杰出画作往往更能够折射出一个画家的心声和其对所处时代的感受，虚谷以其人生阅历和独立的审美思维，通过多种表达方式形成了独特的花鸟画表现手法，在无意间营造出了一种理性和抽象之美，其画作当中透露出来的冷静给人一种启示，即“实则虚之”，作品要追求独立的审美和精神品性，以抒发时代之大义为创作源泉，绝不是形式主义和拿来主义，而是基于时代特色的创新主义。

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刘崔栋1343你能否只用一种多边形(不一定是正多边形)的材料铺地?试画出几种图形.
徐楠郝18646182435 ______ 好办 你先画一个正方形或者长方形 然后再将一条对角线绕中心旋转,与对边交于两点(不是中点和顶点也行的),就会得到两个相同的梯形 这两个梯形拼在一起就可以当一个正方形或者长方形用

刘崔栋1343如图,多边形有几种画法 -
徐楠郝18646182435 ______ 俺滴神啊,不是教你用对齐了么? 1.最快的就是对齐了,先画一个六边行,然后随便多大,然后画一条长30 角度为135的直线...六边行一点,再点直线一端,再选六边行另一边,再点直线另一个端点,然后提示缩放时选 是. 2.用内切圆半径画,算出来半径好像是9.75 3.还有一个最笨的办法... 画一个这样的图,然后把选 中直线做环型矩阵,以圆心为中心点..转一下,也能画出来~~ 其实你就是画不出来六边形的边么,方法3里面那条选 中的线就是六边形的边,其实原理很简单,六边形每个夹角是120度,你自己理解一下吧...

刘崔栋1343CAD高手看一下! 下面的两幅图怎么画!本人菜鸟!谢谢!尽量能详细一点! -
徐楠郝18646182435 ______ 不知道你有没有尺寸要求, 第一个图形:可以先用多边形命令画一个五变形,在以每个角的交点为圆心画5个相等的圆,然后在利用剪切剪掉多余的线就可以了. 第二个图形:可以先画一个矩形,在用偏移命令,然后在旁边在画一个矩形正如楼上所说利用旋转到自己箱要角度在用偏移命令,然后在用移动命令移动到自己想要的位置,在用剪切剪掉多余的线就可以了 绘图方法不止一种,你也可以试着自己方式画.要学会看到图纸后就知道该哪里下手到那时就没什么图形可以难倒你了.

刘崔栋1343在CAD中知道多边形每边的长 怎样画出图形 -
徐楠郝18646182435 ______ 使用POL命令,然后输入边数,然后输入参数E,这是就可以根据边长画正多边形了

刘崔栋1343一个多边形的内角和是540度,请你画出两个这样的多边形. -
徐楠郝18646182435 ______ 解:多边形内角和定理:n边形的内角和等于: (n - 2)*180°(n大于等于3且n为整数) (n - 2)*180°=540° 解得:n=5 故所有五边形都满足内角和是540°.作图如下:

刘崔栋1343等边三角形,在用CAD怎么画 -
徐楠郝18646182435 ______ 1、首先需要在cad中输入多边形命令:POL. 2、然后在接下来弹出的框中选择多边形边数:3. 3、接下来需选择边:E. 4、为图形指定第一个端点,屏幕任意位置点一下. 5、为图形指定第二个端点即边长,输入50. 6、最后大小固定边长的等边三角形在cad中就画好了.

刘崔栋1343用6个边长一厘米的正方形,拼多边形,要求周长为十二厘米,画出图??? -
徐楠郝18646182435 ______ “ZHANGWEIYU0401”:您好.我想上面放两块下面放四块的画法能满足上述要求,见下图:黑方块.(一) □■■□ ■■■■ (二) ■■□□ ■■■■ (三) □□■■ ■■■■ 以此类推,可竖起来画,道理一样,你可画画数数,祝好,再见.

刘崔栋1343 剪一剪,画一画,摆一摆. ①用一张正方形纸,剪出一个平行四边形. ②用七巧板中的图形,你可以拼成( )种平行四边形. ③用5根小棒可以摆( )个 ,画... -
徐楠郝18646182435 ______[答案] 答案: 解析:(1)略(2)根据自己摆的(3)3个

刘崔栋1343cad 多边形绘制求解 如下图 怎么画呢??? -
徐楠郝18646182435 ______ 一.作长度为75的水平线 二.使用旋转复制的方式创建一条斜线,以水平线的左端点为旋转点,角度-36 三.以水平线及斜线的三个端点用三点圆的方法,创建一个辅助圆 四.绘制正五边形,使用内切于圆的方式,半径值点选辅助圆的顶部象限点 五....

刘崔栋1343在CAD中,这个图怎么画,特别是多边形;为什么我总是画成斜的多边形,多边形底边的线怎么样才能是水平的 -
徐楠郝18646182435 ______ 先说一下,画这个图之前,先打开极轴追踪,它就不会画斜了.再说这个图的具体画法,用正多边形工具,画个正三角形,最里面的那个,不要管它的数字如何,用圆工具下的三点,画出第一个内部圆 再用正多边形工具,输入边数4,以已画好的...